Improving Students Descriptive Writing Through Cue Cards

Improving Students’ Descriptive Writing through Cue Cards INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background English is a universal language. Therefore, everyone in this world uses English in order to communicate with other people from different country with different mother tongue. Besides to communicate with other people easily, another reason why people use English is because English is used in all aspects, such as business, education, politic, etc. In Indonesia, English is regarded as a foreign language which is mostly used in business field. English is considered as an important language since by mastering English, people can get higher salary and have better opportunities. Meanwhile, in education sector, it is taught as a compulsory subject. It is taught†¦show more content†¦Written communication refers to an action of delivering information through written words. Furthermore, in education sector, writing has an important role to fulfill one of the learners’ English skills. Students are expected to be able to write good writing. Hosseini (2013) put forward after graduation, someone’s ability to show himself well on paper will help him secure a job or higher education chances. This research finding is also supported by Hansen s (2002) which states, â€Å"Academicians and business people view writing skill as crucial, yet increasing numbers of these professionals note a steady attrition in the writing ab ilities of graduates.† Based on those statements, students are expected to be a good writer because writing is not only used in school, but also it has an important role to determine their future. In discussing the importance of writing to learning, Suleiman (2000) asserts that â€Å"writing is a central element of language, any reading and language arts program must consider the multidimensional nature of writing in instructional practices, assessment procedures, and language development.† Moreover, Myles (2002) states that through experience, writing skill must be practiced and learned because it is not a naturally acquired skill – learned in formal instructional settings. Accordingly, writing is taught in schools. However, as one of the language skills, writing is often ignored. Some studentsShow MoreRelatedHow Can Literature Be Used to Support and Develop Language and Literacy for Students in the Primary Years? Rationalise the Use of the Text (Chosen Literature) and Literature More Generally for Developing Language and3026 Words   |  13 PagesHow can literature be used to support and develop language and literacy for students in the primary years? 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Newsreel subject area †Newfoundland Free Essays

The third place among the developed countries means responsibility for peace, support to needed and burden that is laid by global unions and associations to Canada. It is a front line, without any place to step back. But, all these duties and obligations may weaken Canadian ‘body’ if there is no inner support and strength. We will write a custom essay sample on Newsreel subject area – Newfoundland or any similar topic only for you Order Now Destruction always follows up division and the core factor to avoid it is to submit provincial powers to single governmental authority. Disregarding the Conservatives’ opposition, Canadian government took actions to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. On October, 2006, Liberals made the first attempt to meet Kyoto goals and introduced the Tory bill that would regulate auto industry and oil and gas sector, and apply fines and jail terms in cases of industrial over-pollution. It was supposed that smog levels and emissions would be cut by 45 to 64 percent from 2010 to 2050 and next four years were aimed at short- and long-term schedules for industries to cut emissions. Still, ‘if production increases, the overall amount of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants could grow’ (CBC News, October 19, 2006). Thus, the bill was called ‘economy-devastating’ and declared invalid (CBC, February 14, 2007). Today Baird said â€Å"the government will explore emission credit trading with the U.S. and Mexico† (CBC, CBC, April 25, 2007), along with domestic trading, technological investments and cleaning development. The details and expenses to cover were not revealed, but, the nearest future will disclose a standstill or headway of the government. As a democratic country, Canada turned to be among those countries, which compose the International Assistance Force and, since 2001, were involved in democratic process in Afghanistan. Canada’s military mission included post-war assistance, heavy weapons cantonment, demining, training, along with loans to individuals (CBC, November 1, 2006). In 2006, Canadian soldiers were elected to operate two more years. This fatal vote engraved 46 military and one diplomat, comparing to total 55 soldiers, in nation’s memory (CBC, April  20, 2007). Eight of them were killed in one week: â€Å"six were killed on Easter Sunday, while two were killed three days later (CBC, April 25, 2007). According to â€Å"The Telegram†, all soldiers, who died of roadside bomb explosions, were from Atlantic Canada, ‘including Newfoundlanders Donald Lucas and Kevin Kennedy (April 25, 2007). These soldiers will be honored by 5,000 people in New Brunswick on Wednesday. The facts show that democracy, as any other good, is paved with thorns, rather than roses. Fishery Products International was formed in 1984 in Newfoundland; therefore, rural province was given a chance to raise inner economy. Nevertheless, workers, who were standing for the company, were left without a contract since March 31, 2005 (CBC, April 22, 2007). Overseas competition resulted in labor costs’ $2 cut and a strike. The Fish, Food and Allied Workers union agreed on a $1.06 reduction, yet workers voted against the agreement and were ready to ‘starve to death on the picket line’ (CBC, April 23, 2007), rather than work. Their devotion passes unnoticed on top; thus, current wages $13.66/hour remains open till the strike deadline on April 30 (CBC, April 25, 2007). Residents of Newfoundland’s Daniels’ Harbor run the risk of slides, when the cliff based in clay become eroded at the bottom (CBC, April 19, 2007); while twelve of them were evacuated. Five buildings, one business and a highway were affected by the series of slides and were waiting for the officials, who faced this kind of emergency for the first time. Victims of the disaster are expecting financial aid from Emergency Measures Office to rebuild new homes (CBC, April 20, 2007); but public is also welcomed to contribute its share to the Daniel’s Harbor Disaster Fund. The outcome of a possible destruction of other structures was another evacuation, ordered by Newfoundland’s officials (CBC April 25, 2007). The planned girls’ ball hockey championship finally starts on April 27 in Bonavista. School Sports Newfoundland and Labrador sponsors provincial girls and awaits the  championship banner and medals that will be gained through the series of games on Friday and Saturday. Moreover, sponsors have nominated individual players, who will ‘receive an individual sportsmanship medal’ (â€Å"The Telegram†, April 25, 2007). Surfing forums of the National Magazine, I took the one that exactly fits the articles, mentioned above. I’ve marked four subdivisions in the National News forum that will be listed in descending order: politics (8 threads), society (5 threads), and both economy and environment hold three threads. The top issue of the day for Canadians is decentralization of Canada. Quebec that is looking for the ‘freedom from external authority’ (Halonen, March 30, 2007), along with British Columbia and Ontario seems to stay aside from the needed regions and equal payments. Posts ‘for’ the split are united by the idea of self-government and all-sufficient autonomy, turning the blind eye towards the inner competition and ashes that will follow the years of separation. Lack of a domestic freer trade does not mean that Canada has ‘screwed itself’ (Newgold8, April 16, 2007), because of the positive trade balance, comparing to the U.S.’ and EU’s negative ones, and surplus that covers national debt (DennisP, April 12, 2007). Posts ‘against’ modernization and smaller chunks prove that Canada will stay in its leading position only if the play will go on collectively, not separately. ‘Decentralize †¦ and you lose one of the incentives for the provinces to play nice with each other’ (ThinkOrThwim, April 7, 2007). Canada is a country of democrats, who wish they would veto seal hunt and destruction of fisheries, separatism, anti-Semitism, along with global warming, military issues and capitalism, if only they could be united, which is the greatest contrast with the U.S. Yet, they are the patriots, like we are; but, inter-provincial separation makes them inwardly focused more that outwardly. My life in Canada seems to be more stable, aside of terrorism, hurricanes and taxes that are spend on weapons and national defense. Works Cited The Canadian Press. Thousands Expected to Attend Memorial Service For Fallen Canadian Soldiers. Online. The Telegram. Internet. April 25, 2007. Available: https://www.thetelegram.com/news/newfoundland-and-labrador-1994-crab-quota-agreement-not-a-contract-judge-287177    How to cite Newsreel subject area – Newfoundland, Essay examples

Music as an Agent of Socialization Essay Example For Students

Music as an Agent of Socialization Essay Music has played a major role as an agent of socialization in each of my 4 decades. I know and hope that it will continue to do so. During each period music has affected my personality, shown my personality, affected my perceptions and helped me to cope with growing and changing as a person. My Looking Glass Self has compared the person in song and possibly the singer themselves to myself to gain perspective of who I was at each time. I am going to discuss each decade with the thought of how music was an agent of socialization in each. I believe that music as an agent of socialization is prominent in Symbolic Interactionism. Songwriters and musicians, like poets, includes symbolism in there lyrics. They give musical symbols by which we know things about our world. Take for instance the music from Psycho, the shower scene. It is the precursor for things that are frighteningly scary. During my first decade music was extremely prevalent in my primary socialization. My parents whether or not they realized socialized me greatly with music in different forms. My Momma could not read due to a learning disability. She used little 45 records that helped me learn things like Barney and Dora the Explorer teach children now. She and I had an extremely special time while I was little that involved Elvis Presley and his musical movies. When my Daddy would work the graveyard shift she allowed me to crawl in bed with her and watch the Elvis late movie with her. In this way the music became a symbol of comfort to me. I still love to hear Elvis; his music is comforting to me. My Daddy used old time rock ‘n’ roll to show me how to have fun in dance. We had hardwood floors and he would move all of the furniture into the hallway and turn the music up loud. He taught me to dance, to show joy interacting with someone through dance and music. Mass media and music was in m y socialization during this decade of my life through television like the Elvis musicals that I watched with my mother and other musicals such as Chitty, Chitty, Bang, Bang; and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. I loved these musicals. Movies like these carry life lessons and socialization experiences that show what life can be like in a more fantasy way. Radio was another part of mass media that affected my socialization. Most of the time country music was what my parents listened to. Loretta Lynn and Tanya Tucker were my favorites. I still remember the words to Delta Dawn by Ms Tucker. As you can see there was a great variety in the music that I was exposed to as a small child in those early cognitive years. Music had a great impact on my secondary socialization during my second decade. It had an impact on my Self Socialization as well. Music in my peer groups reflected in my choice of listening preference. I began to formulate who I was outside of my parents and other family. I formed friendships with others my age with different interests that showed me there was even more to explore in life. During this time mass media was changing and cable television was becoming popular. Along with cable, MTV was brand new. Yes, I was an original MTV viewer. MTV brought music even more into view in my life. My television stayed tuned to MTV. I awoke and went to sleep listening to the popular music of the day. It was the ‘80’s. Music favorites then were Joan Jett, Cyndi Lauper, Boy George, Prince, Duran Duran, and of course Madonna. There were definite gender defining and defying influences. It was a time when women were showing strength and having fun. It was a time when I learned abou t people with a different view of sexuality, homosexuals, thanks to Boy George. As the decade wore on I discovered a deeper side of myself and of music through 60’s and 70’s rock music. This music has messages to it that make you think as well as music that is fun. Then during my rebellious period late in the decade where I was showing the independent, wild side of myself I found heavy metal through the peer group that I associated with. I found Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Twisted Sister, Rush, and Aerosmith. The music has a rebellious, vibrant ambience. It was a way to separate who I was from my parents, a way to rebel, but not my only deviant behavior. There again is the symbolic nature of music. Music allowed me to try on different personas during this formative time of self. It allowed for a broader spectrum of experience through the artist’s eyes or rather voice. I also had the chance to experience the making of music by being involved in the Orchestra at my school. I learned to express myself by playing the Cello. It was an experience of a lifetime. I had been introduced to some of the most meaningful music ever made by the master’s themselves, Mozart and Beethoven. What an incredible decade it was with music in my social world. .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .postImageUrl , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:hover , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:visited , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:active { border:0!important; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:active , .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24 .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b1e552a73753f225040312b3422bc24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Western Music History: A Study of Baroque EssayThe third decade of my life from twenty years to thirty years music still played a significant role in my socialization but differently. As an agent of socialization it was calmer and not so flamboyantly fluctuating in change. My roots in country music reappeared. This shows me that the things that we learn in early childhood during our primary socialization are a basis for who we are as people. I have a tendency to agree with Freud in saying that our personality is fixed by the age of 5 but I say that it is rooted to that period not completely fixed. The saying that children learn what they live is so true. My country music i nfluences helped me to settle into family life and raising my children. Country music is full of what life really is about. Contemporary country has bits of Southern Rock’s vibrancy with real emotion. Truth in the stories that it tells like Miranda Lambert’s Gunpowder and Lead, Martina McBride’s Independence Day, and Kenny Chesney’s Shift Work gives validity to the experiences of life. It helps in resocialization from the inquisitive, questioning, explorative young person to the real life as an adult especially when there are extreme experiences like the stress from shift work or an abusive relationship or having a child that goes through a tragedy like in the song by Franklin County, North Carolina’s own Jason Michael Carroll, Alyssa Lies. It helps to cope with life’s challenges and changes with such a wonderful agent of socialization showing you that others have dealt with the life experiences that you are going through. All of the above influences that music as an agent of socialization has had in my life culminated in the fourth decade of my life from thirty to forty. I can socialize with my peers by listening to contemporary or classic music. I feel the emotion in the lyrics and feel the gender and role defining properties. I can cope better knowing through music that I am not the only one experiencing life’s joys and heartaches. This I believe to again be a part of the Looking Glass Self, viewing a reflection of self in others. I can find myself in music and become absorbed in it. I can express myself through the music I choose. I have been witness to my own children’s rite of passage into young adulthood through their choosing of a musical genre that speaks of who they are and show their independence from me. I have seen through my eldest child the discrimination of race due to music. To explain my son, Brandon, chose Rap and as the musical genre that suited who he believed himself to be. Living in the country in an area full of â€Å"good ole boys† and prejudice, I saw him judged by the music he liked. There is race conflict in what music is supposed to be for whom. Music lifts us up. It calms the nerves and soothes the soul. It invigorates the imagination and the body as in dance. It helps us to relate our culture. It brings people together in social interaction. It has a part in the Motivational Theory, by the way that it can motivate us and brings about social solidarity. It gives a vent to normal deviances in society. It can help us understand and accept our roles. Our choice of music can define our status in society whether a person is highly cultured or a street gangster. Like the Rolling Stones song You Don’t Always Get What You Want says in the last line of the lyrics says, â€Å"You just might find †¦ You get what you need, ah yes..† from music as an agent of socialization.

Victoria Secret free essay sample

Victorias Secret is the leading specialty retailer of lingerie operating more than 1,000 stores across the U. S. Victorias Secret has helped, perhaps more than any other brand, attract attention to the lingerie industry. Their advertising campaigns, including the Victorias Secret Catalog and Victorias Secret Fashion Show are visually appealing and controversial. The attention received by Victorias Secret for their aggressive advertising campaigns has generated priceless word-of-mouth and media bytes to further enhance the Victorias Secret brand. Victorias Secret sales in 2003 were a reported $2,822 million across 1,009 stores. Selling square feet were 4,735,000, equivalent to an average sales per square foot of approximately $600, up almost 3% from prior year. Overall, same store sales were up almost 4% from prior year. A Brief History of Victorias Secret Victorias Secret was established in San Francisco during the early 1970s by Roy Raymond. The concept was to establish a cozy, inviting atmosphere similar to that of a Victorian boudoirs. We will write a custom essay sample on Victoria Secret or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roys Victorias Secret, consisting of three stores and a catalog business, was acquired by Limited Brands, among some controversy, in 1982. Many incorrectly believe that Victorias Secret was of British heritage. An image which some say was perpetuated by its parent company. Today, Victorias Secret lingerie is the top performer for the conglomerate. Victorias Secret, under Limited Brands, has a history of being sexy, youthful and romantic. Men and women have come to recognize Victorias Secret as the place to buy a lingerie or perfume gift. Together, these three vehicles to market combined with Victorias Secret aggressive marketing has made Victoria Secret the best known lingerie brand and brought greater attention to the lingerie industry. Much of Victoria Secrets success is attributed to Grace Nichols. Nichols joined Victorias Secret in 1986 as vice president, general merchandise manager. In 1988 she was promoted to executive vice president. In 1991, Ms. Nichols was named President and CEO of Victorias Secret. Under Nichols leadership, Victorias Secret has become one of the top 10 recognized brands in the world and the leading specialty retailer of lingerie. Victorias Secrets phenomenal success has brought much revenue growth and controversy. Victorias Secret Fashion Shows, Victoria Secret Catalogs and Victoria Secret models have become more revealing, more voluptuous and more controversial. Victorias Secret announced last month that it is dropping its nationally televised fashion show this year, at least partly because of criticism following Janet Jacksons breast-baring faux pas at the Super Bowl. The televised fashion show has generated criticism in the past from groups complaining about supermodels strutting down the runway in skimpy underwear. Recent confusion surrounds the inclusion of Bob Dylan in Victorias Secret ads. Positioning Currently, Victoria Secrets is the no. 1 Lingerie brand around the globe. They leading, Luxury lingerie manufactures in USA. The brand is so strong that the sale is not compromised despite the premium price. In order to keep maintaining the position, they have to keep maintain the quality and services of the product. Objectives To strengthen and maintaining the popularity of the brand positioning in the people’s mind, especially in Malaysia. Target Audience Gender Average purchase amount Age Psychographic Profile Consumer Perceptions In USA, Victoria Secrets brand has a positive perception with American Consumer. Media also play an important role in building the sexy and luxurious image of Victoria Secrets. However, some people are pissed of by the quality of the product, they said that the quality of the product is not worth the price. Desired Post-Campaign Reactions Malaysia people will have a better understanding about what Victoria Secrets is. And how this particular brand would lift their confidence and self-esteem. This would result in increases sales rating and brand positioning in Malaysia. We’re looking forward on the costumer’s positive ratings and comments about the brand, because words-ofmouth is one strongest point in how Marketing Strategy works. Single Minded Proposition Luxurious lives inside out. Unique Selling Point It’s bright and playful, sexy and attractive brand. Moreover, they also produce colorful and good-looking lingerie so people not embarrass them self when they accidently show out their underwear. : : : : 80% are woman $110 23 – 40 years old Shopaholic, Upscale, Fashionista. Supports Seamless and infinity lingerie with Infinite Edgeâ„ ¢ technology. IPEX technology to give maximum coverage with minimum weights. Push-up bra and Panties with numerous design variations. Desired Brand Personality or Tone of Voice Sexy, Playful, and Attractive feeling when the consumer wear the product has been always being the key of successful campaign of Victoria Secrets brand. Mandatories †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Victoria Secrets new Tagline Victoria Secrets Logo and Slogan Roadshow maps and Schedules Same typeface of Victoria Secrets Term and Conditions of a new deal. Other Consideration, Issues, and Insights. Considering Malaysia is a Muslim country where their culture are mixed with other culture. There a strict ethnic code that to be considered in presenting visuals of nudity in the public places. Images that contain over-sexualized are considered highly inappropriate and could result in banning which could harm the brand integrity. So, the new campaign should be design according to Malaysia Cultural guidelines. Budgets Roadshow (Stage, Avenue, Performers, Models, Meals) Roadshow Materials ( Transport, Booths, Uniform, Etc) Advertising ( Print Ads, TVC, Radio, Etc) Total Estimated Timing Concept/First draft provided Concept Finalization Execution : : : April 21,2013 April 28, 2013 May 31 – June 2, 2013 : : : : RM1. 500. 000,00 RM 40. 000,00 RM 600. 000,00 RM2. 140. 000,00

OSHA Practices in Malaysia Essays

OSHA Practices in Malaysia Essays OSHA Practices in Malaysia Essay OSHA Practices in Malaysia Essay OSHA Practice in Malaysia The on the job public is an of import advantage for our state consequently we ca nt bear to hold legion bad lucks in the work concern which will jeopardize our honored HR. Many persons will be influenced squarely or by deduction once the bad luck happens. The groups of the casualties will digest the loss of their friends and household and wellhead of wage. The foreman will digest the loss of an complete labourer and be compelled to retain the accidental cost because of the interfered with undertaking exercisings, expanded protection premiums and curative ingestion. The Occupational Health and Safety ( OH A ; S ) direction system specification, designed to enable organisation to command OH A ; S hazards and better their public presentation. Three illustrations of OSHA that we take are in the building site, chemical mill every bit good as fabrication company. All the company set up OHS plan. An OHS plan requires a statement of the employer’s purposes and the duties of the employer, supervisors, and workers. This statement- called a policy- typically provinces: The employer’s committedness to the OHS plan The employer’s committedness to protect the wellness and safety of workers The purposes and precedences of the OHS plan The duties of the employer, supervisors, and workers A nice well-being and security scheme are basically composed and straightforward. The composed scheme are marked by the CEO or senior supervisor on location and be dated and audited annually. All specializers ought to be made mindful of the agreement and its significance. For case, it could be given to every new labourer and posted in the work environment. We pick GAMUDA LAND as our illustration for the building site. This is on history of GAMUDA LAND is the 2nd greatest development organisation in Malaysia. Because of that separate shred, the GAMUDA LAND is genuinely a popular organisation contrast with others. They had add to an OHS undertaking to command and decrease the dangers and heighten their executing. The attack of the system contains few constituent that need all the worker, from decision maker to laborer, to give full responsibility towards the policy. The policy contains the undermentioned component: Regular review Workplace review Written direction Regular reviews of the workplace are intended to: Identify conditions and insecure Acts of the Apostless with the possible to do hurt or disease Determine necessary disciplinary steps Prevent insecure work conditions from developing Three assorted types of reappraisals are depicted which are general, ordered work environment appraisals. This probe investigate constructions, constructions, evidences, unearthing’s, setups, cogwheel, hardware, and work systems and patterns for dangers that may convey about harm or complaint. The scrutiny is calendar at proper meantimes to prevent parlous conditions making. Contingent upon the work environment and the kind of hazards that may make, probes may be booked twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, hebdomad by hebdomad, or month to month. The undermentioned probes is the gear scrutiny in which the specializers ought to be prepared to reexamine their setup, instruments, and hardware often, taking after the manufacturer s proposals. The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation may to boot hold peculiar necessities. Case in point, a raising phase must be examined by the decision maker before use on every motion. To wrap things up, the alone scrutinies. The Occupationa l Health and Safety Regulation obliges an uncommon reappraisal after a dislocation or bad luck to vouch that work does non go on until it is safe to make as such. The 2nd constituent is working environment appraisal. An probe group incorporates both laborer and disposal agents. The group ought to be acquainted with the work procedure and, at whatever point conceivable, integrated persons from the joint board or the labourer well-being and security delegate. A worksite probe docket can assist vouch that reappraisals are careful, consequences are recorded, and the assessment process is institutionalized. An docket is particularly valuable in pull offing those new to the scrutiny procedure. The docket ought to be adjusted to accommodate the demands of the work environment. Any unsafe or destructive conditions found amid a standard scrutiny ought to be accounted for quickly to the director or concern and helped every bit shortly as possible. The 3rd constituent is a composed way. Wellbeing and security, efficiency, and quality control all advantage from composed systems. Composed methods can assist fix new labourers and put up a dependable degree of work executing. A composed safe work scheme records the patterned advances in making an project firmly for case, it advises how to firmly bolt out a spot of hardware before making upkeep. Not all assignments oblige definite composed methods. Different kinds of composed guidelines may be suited. For a few projects, wellbeing issues can be tended to verbally in squad negotiations or amid fixing. Composed safe work techniques are produced all through conference with the joint board of legal guardians and labourers who carry out the business. The labourers are given extras of methodological analysis in the scope where the work action happens. In any instance, this constituent should be study at whatever point work alterations, new cogwheel is presented, or labourers return after a broadened luckless lack. Likewise, work techniques may should be balanced as the effect of proposals from a reappraisal or from an scrutiny refering an episode. The undermentioned instance we use for case in mixture processing works is SUKA CHEMICALS ( M ) SDN BHD. Chemicals have turn into an indispensable piece of human life, keeping exercisings and promotion, debaring and commanding legion illnesss, and spread outing agricultural efficiency. Notwithstanding their advantages, chemicals might, peculiarly when abused, do unfriendly impacts on human well-being and natural trustiness. Far making usage of chemicals all through the universe expands the capableness of unfavourable impacts. The organisation to boot set up an OHS plan. The well-being and security scheme contains: Risk appraisal of chemicals Information workers should cognize sing risky chemicals Labeling of risky chemical substances Chemical handling A hazard rating is merely a cautious scrutiny of what, at work, could convey approximately mischievousness to specializers. Bad lucks and ill well-being can pulverize lives and influence concern if output is lost ; setup is harmed, protection disbursals increase. All dangers in the on the job environment must be distinguished and surveyed for control steps to be put set up. Hazard rating is a process including a few phases. In the first topographic point, the danger variable ( what is insecure ) must be recognized and its well-being impacts ( what sort of injury ) portrayed. Following, the constituent of unfavourable impacts ( how injury is created ) must be illuminated and impact -changing elements described ( does the injury bend out to be reasonably much in the locality of other factor ) . The earnestness of the dangers should similarly be known on the premiss of exposure–effect and exposure–response connexions ( the sum of debut causes the sum of injury ; what the protected degree is ) . At last, extrapolation is made to the word related puting to study the extent of the issue ( what figure of cases of disease ) . This process needs a multidisciplinary attempt in which the word related wellbeing physicians hold a focal place. Their committedness is indispensable for separating the hazard, for portraying its instruments, and for mensurating the danger. Hazard assessment similarly depends on different trains, for illustration, the survey of disease transmittal, penetrations, toxicology, word related cleanliness, and biotechnologies. In the context of Information workers should cognize sing risky chemicals, an employer shall, guarantee that the employee is adequately trained with respect to: The contents of the ordinances for risky chemical substances Potential beginning exposure to chemicals Potential hazards to wellness caused by exposure Potential detrimental consequence of exposure on his/her generative ability Measures taken by the employer to protect employees against any hazard from exposure Precautions to be taken by an employee to protect himself against the wellness hazards associated exposure Correct usage, care of safety equipment, installations and technology controls Importance of good housework at the workplace and personal hygiene Safe working processs Procedures to be followed in the event of spillages or escapes. For marker, the names on chemicals can assist acknowledge more unsafe chemicals and in add-on advise about the hazards to wellbeing and light on screening systems. Every man-made compartment ought to be lawfully recognized and grouped and littler emptying compartments ought to be unmistakably marked as to the substance of the holder. Other than that, for substance taking attention of, the considerable figure of specializers need to believe about the mixture. The laborer demand to cognize how a compound can be insecure and cause strange to organic structure furthermore the kinds of man-made that can be found in the workplace, for illustration, dust, H2O, gasses and air. The labourers ought to to boot necessitate to believe about the danger in the on the job environment and ought to hold an unmistakable agreement on what to make in the event that they un-deliberately contact with the man-made substances. The last instance that we as sample for the act of OHS is F A ; N Beverages. It is an piecing organisation in which the made enjoying H2O different canned and jugs. The organisation wellbeing system contains Training, Education, and Supervision, Hazard Identification and Risk Control, Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System ( WHMIS ) and others. The achievement of an all-round created security undertaking relies on the adequateness of fixing enterprises. As indicated by the Regulation, representatives must be educated about possible hazards in the work environment and the protected work hones that they ought to take after to minimise dangers. Fixing and developing ought to get down with debut. A compelling well-being debut permits them to convey the logic of disposal or owners, security rules and ordinances, and the ways and method for turning great, good, and safe work leanings. Taking after debut, fixing ought to continue through the whole clip of career. Administration must vouch that all workers are prepared in safe work patterns and that they are lawfully regulated on a progressing premiss. Security Training Policy. It is the agreement to vouch that representative preparing is given to better worker well-being and run into administrative fixing necessities. Wellbeing fixing brings new ideas into the work environment or re-builds up desired systems for carry throughing more unafraid work rehearses. It likewise permits managers to study alternate constituents of the security plan with representatives and warrant that they are put without vacillation on a regular basis. All representatives must be prepared in safe work rehearses. As new patterns and methodological analysis develop, direction is in charge of supplying workers with farther fixing to persistently progress security and heedfulness. Directors or supervisor are obliged to give security debut to new representatives or bing workers who are traveling to another place or anothe r worksite. Heads are in charge of vouching that representatives who report to them see in the scene of representative security preparing. Supervisor are in charge of vouching the well-being and security of any specializers under their ticker. Accidents are preventable, as long a proactive attack to wellness and safety is taken. By implementing a system of hazard designation and hazard control, workplace hurts and diseases can be prevent. There are three basic stairss. The first measure is to see every country of the workplace when looking for jeopardies. Think about conditions or work activities that could set the employees or invitees at hazard. For illustration, the employees might happen jeopardies such as unguarded machinery in the kitchen or a wet floor in the front entryway of employee’s workplace. Ask the staff if they have any specific wellness and safety concerns. The following measure is to measure the hazard. Once the jeopardy had been identified and measure the hazards associated with it, there are two basic inquiries to inquire when sing a jeopardy: how probably is an incident, and how serious would it be if it occurred? A hazard appraisal will assist to prioritise the jeopardies. Thus the employee kno w which 1s to cover with first. The 3rd measure is command the hazard. Once the jeopardy had been identified and assessed the hazards, the employees should look for ways to command them. The basic types of controls are riddance or permutation, technology controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. Following is the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System ( WHMIS ) . All workplaces that use stuffs identified as risky by the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System ( WHMIS ) must follow WHMIS demands. The system uses consistent labelling to assist workers acknowledge risky stuffs, which are referred to ascontrolled merchandisesunder WHMIS. The system and labels provide specific information on handling, storing, and disposing of controlled merchandises.

Celebrate Turning 60 on Your Terms

Celebrate Turning 60 on Your Terms Turning 60 is special. It is the onset of a golden era. For some 60-year-olds, it could a time to spend with kids and grandkids; for others, it may be the time to party at your favorite haunt with your old buddies and your favorite music playing in the background.   The 60th birthday is considered an important event in many cultures. While some people retire from active work life at the age of 60, some prefer to pursue hobbies or other activities at this age. In many eastern cultures such as China and Korea, the 60th birthday is considered very important. In China, someone who has arrived at the age of 60  has completed a full life cycle. Following the 60th year, the person celebrates a new life. Hence the 60th birthday is celebrated with great extravagance.   Enjoy the bliss of 60. Here are some ideas you can use to make your 60th birthday memorable. Surround Yourself With Your Children and Grandchildren Relive the magical moments of life even while you look forward to new experiences. This is an opportunity to tell your family about where you were during important points in history. Get to know more about them and what makes them tick, and let them teach you the latest technology so you can share their interests. There is nothing better than a cool grandma or grandpa.   Find a Hobby Or Follow Your Passion. Wouldnt it be fun to finally open your own little cafe? Or to spend your time gardening, or learning a new skill? Join a yoga class, go for a guided tour to a distant place and enjoy partying with your friends.   60th Birthday Quotes Here are 10 beautiful birthday quotes about turning 60. Some are funny, some poignant, and others are inspiring. Find one that makes you smile and make these quotes your lesson for a great future. Oscar Wilde: To get back my youth I would do anything in the world, except take exercise, get up early, or be respectable. George Carlin: Im sixty years of age. Thats 16 Celsius. Maurice Chevalier: Old age isnt so bad when you consider the alternative. Bernard Baruch: To me old age is always fifteen years older than I am. William Butler Yeats: From our birthday, until we die, is but the winking of an eye.Joan Rivers: Looking fifty is great†¦ if youre sixty. Mark Twain: When I was younger, I could remember anything, whether it happened or not.John Dryden: What, start at this! when sixty years have spread. Their grey experience oer thy hoary head? Is this the all observing age could gain?Or hast thou known the worl so long in vain? Pablo Picasso: One starts to get young at the age of sixty and then it is too late.Tom Stoppard: Age is a high price to pay for maturity.

Anatomy shsort answer discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anatomy shsort answer discussions - Assignment Example For this reason, lymphatic capillaries assist in the immune system while the lower permeability of blood capillaries helps maintain blood pressure during circulation. In addition, nodes interrupt lymph capillaries while blood capillaries are not. This allows for continuous blood flow while filtration occurs in the lymphatic system (Zuther, 2011). The central nervous controls the intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body while regulating respiration. This is through initiating breathing and maintaining it in order to remove harmful carbon dioxide produced by metabolic functions. This process occurs through sensitivity of chemoreceptors that detect chemical substances in the body and relay the information to the respiratory control center. The other system that controls the rate of respiration is the acidity tracking system in the body. This tracks the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood leading to a rise in acidity causing an increase in respiration that retains pH balance (Hendrickson, 2011). Defense mechanisms also regulate respiratory levels through epinephrine and its effects. This is concerning preparing the body for fight or flight where the heart rate increases and decreases respectively (Hendrickson,

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago - Essay Example The discussion about land reform weighs heavily on their minds and takes place on the country estate of an aristocratic patron of the arts. Kolya is described as a future famous writer, and it is important to note the future that Russia and its upper class were soon to face: one in which people like the Zhivago's were to lose their possessions and their status under the new Socialist system. The second chapter elucidates the political implications of the strikes, and the various characters' involvement in them. Madame Guishar is called a member of the aristocracy, but she is dependent on Komarovsky for her well-being and financial stability. Lara feels that she is enslaved by the lawyer, and Yura immediately senses Komarovsky's power over her. The Guishar family is not enmeshed in the political changes taking place, but Lara's association with the young rebels and her family's fear of attack shows the all-encompassing power of the imminent societal changes rumbling below. There is a sense of impending and wide-sweeping transformation taking place, though some feel that the final resolution lies in the czar's manifesto. The connections between all the various plot lines seem to imply that there is no action that is not tied to others, and there is no life that stands independently. At the same time, Pasternak creates the sense that all of the diverse movements leading up to Madame Guishar's attempted suicide exist largely to bring Yura and Lara together. In the fourth chapter, many young characters of the novel find themselves in the throes of World War I, in which Russia suffered heavy casualties. The Russian army was ill equipped to fight on such a large scale, and many soldiers fought without weapons or shoes. The war was devastating, of course, not only to soldiers, but also to Russia at large. By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. The main problems were food shortages and rising prices. Inflation rapidly forced down real incomes, and shortages made it difficult to buy even what one could afford. Shortages were especially a problem in the capital, Petrograd (formerly the City of St. Petersburg), where distance from supplies and poor transportation networks made matters particularly bad. Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread, sugar, meat and other provisions. And lines grew for what remained. It became increasingly difficult both t o afford and to buy food. Not surprisingly, strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915. And so did crime. But mostly people suffered and endured--scouring the city for food (working-class women in Petrograd reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines ), begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, grumbling about the rich, and wondering when and how this would all end. With good reason, government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people's patience would last. The war affects the characters in the novel in different ways. Pasha sees it as an opportunity to escape from his unsatisfactory marriage, Zhivago is called upon to apply his medical skills toward an unsavory task, and Misha finds himself contemplating his own position as a member of the

Aquatic Biomes and Tropical Rainforest Essay Example for Free

Aquatic Biomes and Tropical Rainforest Essay An aquatic biome is an ecological community dominated by water. This biome can be broken down into two categories: oFreshwater, which includes rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and freshwater wetland. oMarine or saltwater, which includes oceans, seas, estuaries, coral reefs and saltwater wetland. Each of these aquatic ecosystems can be defined by variables such as temperature, the presence or absence of light, and the availability of nutrients. Aquatic biomes cover almost all the world (around 75% of the surface) and only 3% of them are freshwaters. Freshwater ecosystems This ecosystem is defined as having a low salt concentration of less than 1%. It helps to make up all the different animals’ life in this planet. Ponds and lakes range in size from few yards to thousands miles across, and they are divided into the littoral zone, limnetic zone and the profundal zone. The littoral zone is the part of the lake or pond which is shallow and located near the shoreline. In this zone there is abundant light, nutrients and plants. Those plants provide protection and food for animals, insects and crustaceans. The limnetic zone is offshore, where the water is deep and it receives enough sunlight to support life. There are tiny forms of life called as phytoplankton, which are tiny plant forms, and zooplankton, which are tiny animal forms. Those tiny forms of life lead to bigger animals’ life such as fish, which feed from those planktons. The profundal zone is beneath the limnetic zone, where it doesn’t receive light to sustain plants’ life. The organisms that die from above this zone settle down and are being eaten by decomposers. Because ponds and lakes are isolated from other bodies of water, they don’t have new species of animals or plant, or it is limited. Streams and rivers are defined by the flow of water in one direction. The source of these regions can be the snowmelt from the mountains, runoff of rains, or the outflows of a lake. They flow until they empty into another body of water and they usually lead ultimately to oceans. The flow of water of streams and rivers changes as it moves. At high elevations (mountains), the water’s flow moves swiftly and makes them clear and oxygenated. As it moves slower, it allows a more diversity of plants and animals. Because the water’s flow moves slowly, it carries more sediment and there is less oxygen in the water. Wetlands are standing water’s regions that support aquatic life. Wetlands can receive many names such as swamps, marshes and bogs. Marine or saltwater This ecosystem is defined by its high salt concentration. Oceans are the large aquatic ecosystem that dominates the Earth’s surface. It is divided into four zones: the intertidal zone, the pelagic zone, the benthic zone and the abyssal zone. The intertidal zone is the area that is covered and uncovered with the rising and falling of tides. Because of this, the communities are constantly changing and most of the living organisms live only where the high tides reach. The pelagic zone is the area away from the lands, which is the open ocean. This zone receives little sunlight and it has abundant plankton, which feed animals such as whales. In this zone, there are still some plants anchored to the bottom of the shore. The benthic zone is beneath the pelagic zone and it doesn’t receive sunlight, which makes it darker and colder. The abyssal zone is the deepest area beneath the benthic zone. This area is very cold, it has a great pressure, but it has a low nutrient level. Coral reefs are abundant in tropical water and it consists of a barrier of corals, anemones, and algae. The sunlight penetrates this area, which makes the water clearer and allows a diversity of living organisms. Estuaries are those areas in which freshwater merge with the ocean. This supports animals such as oysters, worms, and crabs; and supports plants such as algae and seaweeds. Tropical Rainforest Biome This is the most diverse terrestrial biome on Earth. It has a warm and moist environment and is dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees. The combination of constant warmth and moisture makes the tropical rainforest a great environment for many plants and animals, which made this biome as the only one that contains the greatest biodiversity in the world. Because of the great quantity of trees in this biome, the soil is infertile and acidic. This is because when an organism decomposes in the soil, the plants absorb it quickly for their quick grow and survival. This biome has several layers of vegetation. The tallest trees reach approximately 50 meters; below them there is a continuous canopy of treetop of approximately 40 meters. And the lower level is composed by small plants, mosses, and fungi. Most of the fauna in this biome is arboreal because the food near the ground is scarce.

Malibu Fires Essay examples -- essays research papers

Malibu Fires Human beings are able to adapt to almost any environment, unfortunately sometimes we take advantage of our natural surroundings. We find ourselves amidst a struggle between our lifestyles and nature. Although we affect nature profoundly with our activities, we in turn are shaped by nature's potent forces. Nature can be brutal to humans, but we must remember that it merely is following its course. As a result, we must learn to coexist with it. Fire is a naturally occurring phenomenon which humans have learned to deal with throughout history. Yet when fire burns uncontrollably, there is great potential for monumental damage to all surrounding biomass. The Malibu wildfires are an example of one such instance. Historically, wildfires had been left to burn uncontrolled for weeks. Fires were caused by different sources such as lightning or human hunters who wanted to chase animals out of the woods. As prolonged as these fires were, they had limited catastrophic effects on the nomadic humans. This is due to the low population density and the fact that the fires were not very intense. As people began to change from a hunting-gathering society to agriculturists, they settled in communities. Homes built among the wild brush were perfect prey to wildfires. Initially, wildfires were put out immediately and people were barred from setting fires in open spaces. Due to the policy of fire suppression, only one percent of all wildfires escaped early control. The land was safe from fires temporarily, but this set the stage for catastrophe as the brush grew more dense. There have been more than 20 catastrophic wildfires in Los Angeles County since the beginning of organized fire protection. The first "big one" happened in December of 1927. The fire started in the La Crescenta Valley, climbed over the Verdugo Mountain range and destroyed more than 100 homes. In addition to the damage caused in 1927, fires have profoundly affected the Southern California environment. Almost every square mile of chaparral land in Los Angeles county has been burned at least once, since 1919. There are basically two large fire breeding grounds in Los Angeles county: the San Gabriel Mountain range and the Santa Monica Mountains. In 1993, the Kinneloa Fire ... ...xperience. Human beings attempt to fight nature by trying to change or disturb its natural surroundings for the sole benefit of consumption. This is not only bad for the environment, but also for its inhabitants. When Malibu was home to the Chumash Indians, old vegetation was periodically burned to foster growth of new vegetation. The Chumash, who were more closely connected to nature than we are now, learned how and when to cause fires. "A long time ago the Chumash were here and they used to burn the brush every once and a while. It did wonders for the vegetation. the flowers were so beautiful. Then we built houses in their way. we really should not be here (Resident of Malibu)." Perhaps we should learn from their techniques: rather than allowing the chaparral to dry out and die (causing a high fire risk), we should clear out old vegetation to prevent massive fires and learn to respect the environment in which we live in, not abuse it. Nature is not man's enemy, but should be seen as an ally. Humans need to learn about their environment in hopes that a better understanding of natural processes will help humans to peacefully coexist with it.

Literary Modernism and a Few Literary Works

Literary Modernism is a term which is almost self-explanatory. After the completion of the First World War, the whole of the European Continent along with America observed a few notable changes in the realm of literature. In 1922, T. S Eliot composed The Waste Land being befuddled by the abrupt shock which the devastations of the War had brought forth. Liberty, novelty and avant-garde were the watchwords of that Literary Modernism. The way in which this Modernism worked was somewhat new—the new changes in forms and contents were incorporated quite spontaneously. Even the alterations seemed to have fitted suitably into the varied compass of the literary creations! Thus, Literary Modernism breathed a gush of new, fresh air into the stale, dull ambience of literature! If we analyze a few literary works it will be immediately clear how Literary Modernism affected and influenced the-then literary scene. In Song of Myself,   Walt Whitman   in full-throated ease can sing at the top of his voice, breaking all established norms of Introduction   formally done in a poem, â€Å"I celebrate myself, and sing myself,/And what I assume you shall assume,/For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.† In this somewhat long poem, Whitman goes on setting all conventional poetical forms at naught   and sings of camaraderie that stretches from one nook to the other of America. We hear America singing through him, with him. The lines are composed in verse libre mode. Free verse is the right carrier of the right thought. He claims to sing for all and sundry, for the â€Å"accepted victors† as well as for â€Å"the conquered and slain persons.† Whitman caters philosophical ideas to the readers equally adeptly, â€Å"I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul/ The pleasures of heaven are with me and the pains of hell are with me/†¦.I am the poet of the woman the same as the man/†¦.And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of men.† He talks of oppression, inequality, freedom, Time and Space and multifarious issues in one breath. This variety of facets in the length of a poem chosen freely by the poet itself speaks volumes for Modernism. Only Whitman can say in this vein, â€Å"Endless unfolding of words of ages!/And mine a word of the modern, the word En-Masse!† He sounds too modern to declare in the last line, â€Å"I stop somewhere waiting for you.† T.S.Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock   is again a documentary poem of the turbulent times of the First World War when Modernism as a literary notion was taking its final shape. The elements of literary modernism lie in the image of split self, man’s living in more than a single level of consciousness, self-disgust, ennui, pain of inaction in turbulent ,meaningless times, desire for an escape , the hiatus between the desired existence and the habitual one . As a modern poem, Prufrock throws   a series of   solutions to the problems that modern man with divided aims face: â€Å"There will be time, there will be time/To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet/†¦.And time yet for a hundred indecisions.† In almost all the lines there is a hint of suggestiveness which ends in a conundrum, again a characteristic feature of modernism: â€Å"That is not it at all/That is not what I meant at all.† In Robert Frost’s Mending Wall , there is   sharp pointer to the need of a partition-wall in this war-torn world [1914]where ‘good fences make good neighbors.’ What was to be walled in and walled out again left many questions unanswered. A sense of separatism, unrest, and friendlessness go on recurring in the lines of this poem. In Emily Dickinson’s poem Much Madness is the Divinest Sense , we find a clue in construing the ways of a topsy-turvy modern world where positive sometimes implies the negative and vice-versa. Madness is taken to be the most divine sense while the sane thoughts are sometimes pooh-poohed .Why so? It is because, literary modernism supports the rise of the abstruse and absurd in a disturbed world with jaundiced viewpoints . Assent and demurring too are interpreted accordingly. Geometric patterns of Picasso’s art can be the best yardstick to measure and finally explain all the meanings of sanity and genuine insanity! Langston Hughes’s I,Too   portrays the modern world in rather clear terms unlike the previous poems. Here with Harlem Renaissance looming large in the background, the poet stages a protest against the discriminations the Black community of America falls victim to. Naturally, the boy brooking all humiliations, goes to the kitchen, gobbles , gets strong and next time faces the opponent as an equal and dazzles his eyes with his handsome looks. Here, the modern-day separatism tantrums are spoken of in clearest possible terms. Modern-day American litterateurs harp upon a theme: Alienation. This theme has various forms of treatment in different works of literature. Naturally, if a thesis statement has to emerge out of close readings of these works , it must have a direct connection with modern society ,to be precise. Man is nothing but a small island in ocean of modern day world. In Stephen Crane’s short story The Open Boat, the shipwreck has different connotations to the four survivors: Billie, the oiler, the Captain, the Cook and the unnamed Correspondent. All of them believe that they are to be rescued and again they begin to ponder over the situation in their own way. The cook is chatty, while the oiler and the Correspondent are more cogitative ones. This schism is there in the modern world and the alienated thoughts portrayed by Crane in the four characters are befitting to the modern day multilayered existence. They are alienated though stay cooped together in the open boat. In William Carlos Williams’s poem Danse Russe , the present day alienation is pictured in simple possible terms. The poet stealthily sneaks into his north room when the sun shines softly over the trees and his wife and child are fast asleep. He takes off his shirt and starts dancing madly in front of the mirror crooning all by himself, â€Å"I am lonely, lonely/I was born to be lonely/I am best so.† Unlike Coleridge’s ancient mariner, he enjoys this self-created alienation issuing out of loneliness and he feels himself to be ‘a happy genius of his household.’ This is peculiar characteristic of the modern era. Self-centered feelings lead on to alienation which in turn intoxicates human beings. The same happy preoccupation with oneself is seen in Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"I saw in Louisiana a Live Oak Growing†. The poet is out to define ‘manly love’ in these trying times. He is astonished to find a solitary Oak tree proliferating â€Å"joyous leaves of dark green† even when his lover or friend is not there in proximity. How is it possible? –thinks the poet. For him, it would have been next to impossible! But to his utter dismay he notices that modern man as Erich Fromm the sociologist claims in his book â€Å"The Sane Society† is most productive when he is alienated or friendless. Robert Frosts’s Mending Wall, talks about â€Å"gaps that are made between two.† He clarifies, â€Å"The gaps, I mean/No one has seen them made or heard them made,/But at spring mending-time we find them there.† What are these gaps? These are, no doubt, the chinks of alienation which stand tall between men, which keep two men to unite , to exchange ideas and views , which prevents two men from being friends. At what point of time can a man say to another man, â€Å"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!† Without having any clear notions of â€Å"walling in† and â€Å"walling out†, two neighbors begin to think, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors.† It is because modern men love alienation. T.S. Eliot in his The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock emphasizes the theme of alienation .In the previous poems, this theme is surprisingly shown to have a few positive implications. A separate â€Å"face† is to put up to â€Å"meet the faces that you meet.† No better example of alienation can be put forward! These days the modern alienated man rightly thinks, â€Å"Do I dare/Disturb the universe?† A big why stares on the readers . He reasons forth, â€Å"I have known them all already†¦I know the voices dying with a dying fall..† The over-familiarity with the known universe makes him sick and tired of it and he naturally gets alienated. Lastly, he dies for a change of ambience. This monotony of modern day existence is again a reason behind such alienation. The line â€Å"I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each,† is gravid with meaning. Alienation has several facets—sometimes it is positive in effect, sometimes just the opposite. Again, the society is in flux. Alienation is a natural unavoidable outcome. It has to be accepted and stride along .

Learning Skills Improvement Service Essay

In my position as a workshop trainer at Deerbolt young offenders’ institute, the education I deliver for The Manchester College as part of their Offender Learning is supported, monitored and shaped by various professional bodies. The purpose of these bodies or sector skills councils vary however they all have a common goal in ensuring and enriching the quality of education being delivered. LSIS or the learning and skills improvement service are such a body who umbrella over every organisation that delivers qualifications throughout the country, and they do exactly what they say on the tin. LSIS improve quality, participation and increase standards in education and training. A lot of their work involves developing resources, implementing schemes, sharing delivery aids that improve quality and achievement and tailoring support to learners needs. â€Å"Colleges and providers helped by LSIS improved by one inspection grade at their next inspection.† (LSIS [ND] [online]) LSIS don’t just support the educational improvements though; in 2010 they recognised The Manchester College as a Healthy FE college, healthy initiatives offered throughout the college like loyalty cards, gym memberships and better eating schemes aimed to improve the health of students and staff. Another group that oversee our work as teachers is the professional body the IFL or the Institute for Learning. Their role is to register everyone practicing as a teacher or trainer in FE on to their database. They promote themselves as supporting professional excellence; they aim to increase the status of teachers as professionals, requiring a membership fee and proof of qualifications which is supported by the employer. They also champion the importance of CPD and require members to provide evidence of this and their teaching hours each year. This is seen to keep standards of teaching high, and promote quality and teaching as a profession. Until very recently this is how the IFL worked but due to the loss in government funding and teachers reluctantly to pay their own subscription the number of people renewing their subscription to the IFL fell by over half to just 85,000 signalling a loss of confidence in the body and an end to its presences. For many teachers and trainers in FE it was seen as a welcomed downfall as many believed the IFL did nothing for them, however now this professional body has collapsed there is no one regulating the qualifications or standard required to teach in FE which may lead to competiveness for jobs and or poor standards of teaching and training. These developments seemingly leave only Ofsted in place to assess the quality and standards of colleges and the individual teachers. â€Å"Ofsted would be made responsible for ensuring that FE teachers were appropriately qualified through inspections† (TES [30/03/2012] [Online]) However I see a huge flaw in this method of assessing quality and knowledge, not every Ofsted inspector can have the depth in knowledge of every subject of every teacher he or she is going to observe. For example if I am teaching bricklaying and I’m teaching unacceptable practices how is that inspector meant to know I am teaching the wrong methods? Surely the only way to overcome this problem is to have employed properly qualified teachers and trainers and not just people with some subject knowledge. Now that the IFL is a voluntary body the employers themselves have discretion over this matter. Construction Skills is another organisation that oversee and support the vocational training we deliver in offender learning. They are a massive organisation and have a lot of different strands from providing qualifications, courses and assessment and training support through CSkills as an awarding organisation. They also developing courses and provide support and training to local businesses through being an industry training board. In 2003 Construction Skills were awarded Sector Skills Council status, this allowed them to deliver valued support across the industry. Their main aims are to help reduce a shortage in specialise skills and help to bring a diverse workforce into the industry. They are also involved in improving business performance and developing professional standards for construction occupations both trade and professional. The other area that they cover is probably most relevant to my work as a vocational trainer; they have a large input on the improvement of education for apprenticeships and higher and further education. They achieve this by awarding grants for training, providing businesses with advice on getting the best from their work force offering card schemes, recognised qualifications and helping to link college learning with on the job experience. Professionalism As teachers, trainers, tutors or whatever you what to call us in FE we all have more than one hat we wear that makes us a professional. The IFL although seemingly no more used to keep everybody who worked as a ‘teacher’ under the status of a professional. They did this by having in place the requirement to achieve QTLS or ATLS within five years of working within the education sector. QTLS stand for qualified teacher learning and skills and ATLS associate teacher learning and skills. Everybody working as a teacher was required to register as one or the other of these statuses depending on your level of teaching qualification, the full Cert Ed being a level 5, I myself would have had to apply for QTLS status. However the following quote suggests that very little teachers working in the sector today have taken out the required status of QTLS/ATLS. â€Å"Only a small number of lecturers have become ‘fully qualified’ under the current arrangements: between 2,900 (GHK, August 2011) and some 6,000 (IfL submission, 2012). Whilst this number may rise as the five-year watershed approaches, some 85 per cent of FE lecturers have not embarked on the final supervised practice phase, following the diploma. We do not believe that so slight a result after such a long delay makes this qualification credible as a licence to practise which, properly speaking, should be earned before starting work, as it would be in other professions.† (Bis [03/2012] [Online]) By making this a requirement the IFL aimed at ensuring each individual teacher had the ability to work at the standards expected of a licenced practitioner. To meet this requirement you were expected to submit evidence of your teaching practice, subject and background knowledge, your continued professional development and your own reflective practice. I feel this was affair approach to the matter They may say the â€Å"licence to practice should be earned before starting work† but the profession of teaching is like no other. Its not really something you can learn out of a book you have to get out there and do it then reflect on it, prepare and do it again. My personal two hats consist of my subject specialism, Carpentry and Joinery level 3 qualification, and hopefully in a couple of months my Cert Ed teaching qualification. Other training and development also comes into it, like holding a CSCS card, which is the Construction Skills Certificate Scheme. Another initiative that Construction Skills mentioned earlier are responsible for putting in place. It means you must hold a valid card to work on any building site in the country. To get a card you must pass a construction health and safety test, the cards also state on the back your profession and level of qualification. This is another method of keeping this industry safe, to required standards and professional. â€Å"Professional formation allows teachers to describe how these standards are evidenced in their teaching practice, along with aspects of subject currency, teaching and learning, reflective practice and planning for continuing professional development.† (IFL [11/2008] [Online]) Professional formation isn’t just about your status or qualifications though. It’s a lot about your actions too. As professionals we are expected to present, conduct and discipline ourselves in a particular manor. However with this status we also have the benefits of being rewarded recognition for our work, enhancing collaborations, sharing good practices and having support and respect from our colleagues, colleges and partnering bodies. The importance of engaging in CPPD CPPD or Continuing Personal and Professional Development is something as professionals we should all be doing on a regular basis. It was a requirement of the IFL to record our CPPD hours each year and although a lot of teachers possibly never took this serious it is a good method of keeping in touch with current affairs and adapting to changing trends. The key thing to remember is that this is not just about completing a list of activities undertaken during the year that add up to 6 or 12 or 30 hours. The time spent can be meaningless unless it makes a difference. (IFL [08/2009] [online]) Education is one such sector that never stands still, the requirement to change and reform is evident and we do this to keep things interesting, relevant and to continually push up standards. From a personal point of view, if I’m teaching my subject specialism I want to be a fountain of knowledge in it, I think it’s important to have good subject knowledge and as I have been out of the trade a couple of years now this is something I aim the address on completion of the Cert Ed. I will look at gaining further qualifications in my subject, or maybe completing an assessor’s award. I have even considered going back to construction site work to gain further experience and update my knowledge. Ideally being out in the field working on actual jobs with students would be the perfect scenario for continually developing myself and I feel this would also benefit the learners immensely. As for CPPD in my teaching, I aim to complete all training events offered, for example we had smart board training at work the other day. I also aim to relish being thrown in at the deep end which regularly happens as a cover tutor. I’m lucky in the way my support role at the prison lets me observe a lot of different teachers each week and taking on their good practices and addressing learners needs is excellent CPPD for me. The importance of reflective practice Reflecting on our work as teachers is the best way to develop, its important to have regular teaching practice. We learn valuable things when were in lessons, under pressure and on the spot, however the real learning comes afterwards when we reflect and analyse the session. This is our time to put things right in our heads and prepare ourselves for the same scenarios the next time. It would be extremely difficult to pre-empt every situation that could occur and almost impossible to prepare for each. â€Å"teachers who explore their own teaching through critical reflection develop changes in attitudes and awareness which they believe can benefit their professional growth as teachers, as well as improve the kind of support they provide their students.† (tttjournal [ND] [Online]) Not only should we be reflecting from our own experiences but it’s also extremely valuable to reflect on observations, hearing opinions from another person’s point of view can really pin point things that may have been frustrating us for weeks. Critical reflective practice is more complex than just reflecting. It’s about planning how you will evaluate a lesson or even a CPPD event; it is good practice to critically review these situations through different people’s points of view. Your colleagues, students, boss, or even a person in the field actually doing what you’re teaching or being taught. With this in mind reflection is one of our most important tools. Bibliography Bis [03/2012] Professionalism in further education [Online] http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/further-education-skills/docs/p/12-670-professionalism-in-further-education-interim [Accessed 27/05/2012] IFL [08/2009] Guidelines for your continuing professional development (CPD) [online] http://www.ifl.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/5501/J11734-IfL-CPD-Guidelines-08.09-web-v3.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] IFL [11/2008] Professional Formation [Online] http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/files/IfL-professional-formation-overview.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] LSIS [ND] Our Impact in the Sector [Online] http://www.lsis.org.uk/AboutLSIS/LSIS-impact/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 20/06/12] TES [30/03/2012] FE professionalism gets radical shake-up [Online] http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6202944 [Accessed 15/04/2012] Tttjournal [ND] Towards Reflective Teaching [Online] http://www.tttjournal.co.uk/uploads/file/back_articles/towards_reflective_teaching.pdf [Accessed 03/06/12]

Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor of FM Radio

Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor of FM Radio Edwin Howard Armstrong (December 18, 1890–February 1, 1954) was an American inventor and one of the great engineers of the 20th century. He is best known for developing the technology for FM (frequency modulation) radio. Armstrong won numerous patents for his inventions and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1980. Fast Facts: Edwin Howard Armstrong Known For: Armstrong was an accomplished inventor who developed the technology for FM radio.Born: December 18, 1890 in New York, New YorkParents: John and Emily ArmstrongDied: February 1, 1954 in New York, New YorkEducation: Columbia UniversityAwards and Honors: National Inventors Hall of Fame, Institute of Radio Engineers Medal of Honor, French Legion of Honor, Franklin MedalSpouse: Marion MacInnis (m.  1922-1954) Early Life Armstrong was born in New York City on December 18, 1890, the son of John and Emily Armstrong. His father was an employee of Oxford University Press, while his mother was deeply involved in the Presbyterian Church. When he was still very young Armstrong became afflicted with St. Vitus Dance- a muscular disorder- which forced him to be home-schooled for two years. Education Armstrong was only 11 years old when Guglielmo Marconi made the first trans-Atlantic radio transmission. Enthralled, the young Armstrong began studying radio and building homemade wireless equipment, including a 125-foot antenna in his parents backyard. His interest in science and technology took Armstrong to Columbia University, where he studied at the schools Hartley Laboratories and made a strong impression on several of his professors. He finished college in 1913 with a degree in electrical engineering. Regenerative Circuit The same year he graduated, Armstrong invented the regenerative or feedback circuit. Regeneration amplification worked by feeding a received radio signal through a radio tube 20,000 times per second, increasing the power of the received radio signal and allowing radio broadcasts to have a greater range. In 1914, Armstrong was awarded a patent for this invention. His success, however, was short-lived; the following year another inventor, Lee de Forest, filed several applications for competing patents. De Forest believed that he had developed the regenerative circuit first, as did several other inventors who became involved in the legal dispute that lasted many years. Although an initial case was resolved in Armstrongs favor, a later decision ruled that De Forest was the true inventor of the regenerative circuit. This was Armstrongs first experience with the legal system that would later cause him so much turmoil. FM Radio Armstrong is most commonly known for inventing frequency modulation, or FM radio, in 1933. FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the static caused by electrical equipment and the earths atmosphere. Prior to this, amplitude modulation (AM) radio had been extremely susceptible to such interference, which was what prompted Armstrong to investigate the problem in the first place. He conducted his experiments in the basement of Columbia Universitys Philosophy Hall. In 1933, Armstrong received U.S. patent 1,342,885 for a Method of Receiving High-Frequency Oscillations Radio for his FM technology. Again, Armstrong was not the only one experimenting with such technology. Scientists at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) were also testing frequency modulation techniques to improve radio transmissions. In 1934, Armstrong presented his latest finding to a group of RCA officials; he later demonstrated the power of the technology using an antenna at the top of the Empire State Building. RCA, however, decided not to invest in the technology and instead focused on television broadcasting. Armstrong had not lost faith in his discovery, though. He continued to refine and promote FM radio technology, first by partnering with smaller companies such as General Electric and then by presenting the technology to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Unlike the RCA officials, those at the FCC presentation were impressed by Armstrongs demonstration; when he played them a jazz recording over FM radio, they were struck by the clarity of the sound. Improvements to FM technology over the 1930s made it more and more competitive with existing technologies. In 1940, the FCC decided to create a commercial FM service, which launched the following year with 40 channels. However, the outbreak of World War II limited the resources that could be put toward new radio infrastructure. Conflicts with RCA- which was still using AM transmissions- also prevented FM radio from taking off. It was not until after the war that the technology began to win popular support. In 1940, RCA, seeing that it was losing the technological race, tried to license Armstrongs patents, but he refused the offer. The company then developed its own FM system. Armstrong accused RCA of patent infringement and began litigation against the company, hoping to win damages for lost royalties. Death Armstrongs inventions made him a rich man, and he held 42 patents in his lifetime. However, he also found himself embroiled in protracted legal disputes with RCA, which viewed FM radio as a threat to its AM radio business. Much of Armstrongs time, as a consequence of the litigation, was devoted to legal matters rather than work on new inventions. Struggling with personal and financial problems, Armstrong committed suicide in 1954 by jumping to his death from his New York City apartment. He was buried in Merrimac, Massachusetts. Legacy In addition to frequency modulation, Armstrong is also known for developing a number of other key innovations. Every radio or television set today makes use of one or more of his inventions. Armstrong even invented the superheterodyne tuner that allowed radios to tune into different radio stations. During the 1960s, NASA used FM transmissions to communicate with its astronauts while they were in space. Today, FM technology is still used throughout the world for most forms of audio broadcasting. Sources Sterling, Christopher H., and Michael C. Keith.  Sounds of Change: a History of FM Broadcasting in America. University of North Carolina Press, 2008.Richter, William A.  Radio: a Complete Guide to the Industry. Lang, 2006.

Learning and memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning and memory - Essay Example Senator and a ruthless political operative, played by Angela Lansbury. By programming his memory in this manner, the Koreans are able to program him into a killing machine. The cards function as the hypnotic device, while the Queen of Diamonds is the direct conditioning stimulus. Once he has killed, the soldier fails to remember his actions when the hypnotic spell is broken and his mind is wiped completely clear of any memory of his criminal acts in killing others. In effect, he suffers from a case of partial amnesia whenever he is conditioned and primed by the stimulus of the cards, so that the events occurring during the spell when he is conditioned are completely wiped out of his conscious memory. Implicit memory also plays a role in this film. Implicit memory is a separate kind of memory in which a person’s previous experiences may aid in the performance of a task without a conscious awareness of these previous experiences (Schacter, 1987). This is the case with the character of the soldier programmed to kill, as played by Laurence Harvey. He has been taught how to kill without scruples during a hypnosis session involving all of his team mates. In ordinary circumstances, his sense of ethics and morals could have functioned as a bar to indiscriminate killing and he would have found it acceptable to kill only in a war situation, being a soldier. However, under a state of hypnosis when he is in a temporary state of amnesia, his explicit memory of killing as a soldier serves to enable him to perform killing tasks with unimpaired ability because he always visualizes himself as being in a collective, combat situation with his team mates. However, these memories do remain as a part of his unconscious memory and the film deals with how one of his team mates helps him to break the amnesia that is cast upon him through conditioning. In the case of the character of Marco played by Frank Sinatra, the collective programming of memory that has

Egalite for all toussaint louverture and the haitian revolution Movie Review

Egalite for all toussaint louverture and the haitian revolution summary - Movie Review Example The movie describes the role of different leaders and men who fought in the period of 13 years to gain independence and among them the great Toussaint Louverture who led from the front this revolt and brought independence to his country and people. The portrayal of the struggles of the Africans under the rule of French and Spanish as well as the Americans cannot get any better than this. Also, the facts from history are portrayed and described with precision in the movie which shows the hardwork of the movie makers and their struggle to collect specific information and data about the Haitian revolution. Saint Domingue was the French colony this revolt started from and spread across the many colonies. It was not until 1804 that the Haitians gained independence and changed the course of history. All these facts and stories are explained very precisely and beautifully in the movie. It is a documentary for history lovers. Those who have a slightest of interest in history or need to study Haitian revolution, this is a must watch since it takes us back to the time when all of this was happening and one feels like a part of

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

Dissection and graded assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissection and graded - Assignment Example A progressive disorder can be dealt with if proper genetic testing is done, but at times unpreventable diseases are found out by genetic testing. In these cases there are ethical issues which may arise. An example of an ethical issue arising due to genetic testing is the chance of someone using a person’s personal information against someone which could prove to be harmful. Hence it can be clearly stated that genetic testing is a matter of privacy and individual choice. Laws passed by HIPAA and GINA protect personal information of those being tested and eradicate the chances of discrimination (Norrgard, 2008). 1. You are an epidemiologist at a county hospital. The hospital has asked you to examine the effects of antibiotics administered to patients before surgery that involves opening of the chest cavity. The time frame for administration of antibiotics to patients before surgery is 2-hour intervals for up to 24 hours. The overall objective of the study is to reduce surgical infections and deaths associated with surgery. The hospital administration has given you 15 years to complete the study. The purpose of administering antibiotics prophylactically is important prior to any surgery. The main need for this administration is to prevent any possible post-surgery infections. The possible wound infections result in extended stays of patients at hospitals. These infections develop due to microbial virulence factors, local factors, surgical techniques and systemic factors. Over the years epidemiologists at the hospital facility worked to choose the best suitable antibiotic. The antibiotic had low toxicity and low chances of allergies. The antibiotic of choice was given 30 minutes before the surgery. The concentration of the drug given was adjusted with the duration of surgery. In surgeries which involved incising the chest cavity, the antibiotic of choice was cefazolin (Holzheimer, 2001). A comparative study was carried out between the efficacies of two